Taksonomi

o Order: Rodentia
o Sub-Order: Myomorpha
o Keluarga: Tikus
o Sub-Famili: Murinae
o Genus: Mus
o Spesies: Mus musculus
 

Asal dan Habitat

Tikus putih atau mencit adalah tikus rumah rumah adalah binatang asli Asia, India, dan Eropa Barat. Jenis ini sekarang ditemukan di seluruh dunia karena pengenalan oleh manusia. Tikus adalah binatang yang hidup bersama, tinggal di dalam selama cuaca dingin dan bergerak di luar selama musim semi dan musim panas, bentuk-bentuk liar, tinggal di luar sepanjang hidup mereka, dan dikurung binatang, terus untuk penelitian, pengujian, mengajar, hewan peliharaan dan mewah. Meskipun tikus liar aktif di malam hari, mencit peliharaan memiliki periode kegiatan selama siang dan malam. Tikus memakan makanan manusia dan barang-barang rumah tangga. Di alam liar, tikus memakan biji-bijian, akar berdaging, daun, batang, serangga, dan beberapa daging, jika tersedia. Tikus liar dan membangun sarang di mana pun dan makanan penutup yang cocok ada.

Penggunaan

Mencit kadang-kadang disimpan sebagai hewan peliharaan dan mewah. Namun, sebagian besar tikus diperoleh dari peternak hewan laboratorium untuk digunakan dalam penelitian biomedis, pengujian, dan pendidikan. Bahkan, tujuh puluh persen dari semua hewan yang digunakan dalam kegiatan biomedis tikus. Melebihi dari 1000 saham dan strain tikus telah dikembangkan, serta ratusan mutan saham yang digunakan sebagai model penyakit manusia. Dalam hal genetika, mouse adalah mamalia dicirikan paling lengkap.

Penanganan

Mencit diangkat oleh menggenggam pangkal ekor dengan satu jari atau ibu jari berujung karet forsep. Ini adalah teknik yang berguna untuk mentransfer tikus dari satu kandang yang lain. Untuk secara manual menahan mouse, mouse pertama yang diangkat oleh pangkal ekor, maka kulit longgar di leher / pundak daerah adalah seseorang ditangkap antara ibu jari dan jari telunjuk. Hal ini akan lebih mudah dengan mengangkat mouse, yang memungkinkan mouse untuk memahami sebuah kandang kawat atas atau permukaan lainnya dengan forelimb, kemudian memegang kulit leher / harus daerah. Dengan sedikit latihan, mouse dapat diangkat dan ditahan dengan teknik satu tangan. Ketika tangan memegang, mouse harus terbalik sehingga berat mouse terletak di telapak tangan. Di ujung caudal mouse dikendalikan dengan menempatkan penangan ekor antara keempat dan kelima jari.

Merebut ekor selain di dasar dan mengangkat mouse dapat mengakibatkan slip pada kulit dan jaringan subkutan, dan kemudian nekrosis, infeksi, dan peluruhan dari caudal vertebra.

Anatomi dan Fisiologi

o Dewasa berat badan: 25 – 40 g (betina); 20-40 g (pria)
o Life span: 1.5 – 3 tahun
o Pernapasan rate: 94-163 napas / menit
o Denyut jantung: 325-780 denyut / menit
o dubur rata-rata suhu normal: 99,5 ° F
o rumus gigi adalah 2 (I 1 / 1, M 3 / 3) = 16. Terbuka di gigi seri-berakar dan tumbuh terus menerus. Tikus akan menggigit atau “sejumput” dengan gigi seri tajam jika mishandled.
o perut dibagi menjadi bagian nonglandular proksimal dan bagian distal kelenjar. Kedua bagian yang terlalu berbeda. Ini mirip dengan perut kuda.
o paru-paru kiri terdiri dari satu lobus, sedangkan paru kanan terdiri dari empat lobus.
o tikus memiliki lima pasang kelenjar susu. Distribusi jaringan mammae menyebar, membentang dari garis tengah ventral atas panggul, dada, dan bagian leher.
o Sangat berkonsentrasi urin diproduksi; jumlah besar protein diekskresikan dalam urin.
o tikus memiliki zona thermoneutral sempit mamalia apapun sejauh diukur. Sebuah mouse menanggapi penurunan suhu oleh nonshivering thermogenesis, dan dengan kenaikan temperatur lingkungan dengan mengurangi laju metabolik dan meningkatkan vascularization dari telinga. Nonshivering thermogenesis dapat menghasilkan peningkatan tiga kali lipat tingkat metabolisme dasar, dan untuk sebagian besar terjadi pada lemak cokelat. Konsentrasi tertinggi lemak cokelat ditemukan dalam jaringan subkutan antara scapulae. Brown lemak juga disebut kelenjar berhibernasi, walaupun mouse tidak hibernate.
o Bedding harus diubah dua kali seminggu. Tanah tongkol jagung yang paling penyerap.

Nutrisi

Mencit harus diberi makan pelleted komersial tikus atau hewan pengerat diet dan air lib iklan. Ini diet yang bergizi lengkap dan tidak memerlukan suplemen.

Makanan asupan sekitar 15g/100g BB / hari; asupan air sekitar 15 ml/100g BB / hari.

Reproduksi

Breeding awal adalah sekitar 50 hari usia di kedua perempuan dan laki-laki, meskipun mungkin betina estrus tama mereka pada 25-40 hari. Tikus polyestrous dan berkembang biak sepanjang tahun; ovulasi spontan. Lamanya siklus estrus 4-5 hari dan estrus itu sendiri berlangsung sekitar 12 jam, terjadi di malam hari. Vagina smear berguna dalam perkawinan waktunya untuk menentukan tahap siklus estrus. Perkawinan biasanya terjadi pd malam hari dan dapat dikonfirmasi oleh kehadiran sebuah plug sanggama di vagina hingga 24 jam pasca-sanggama. Kehadiran sperma pada vagina smear juga merupakan indikator yang dapat diandalkan kawin.

Female tikus ditempatkan bersama-sama cenderung masuk ke anestrus dan tidak siklus. Jika terkena laki-laki tikus atau feromon seorang laki-laki tikus, sebagian besar perempuan akan masuk ke estrus dalam waktu sekitar 72 jam. Ini sinkronisasi dari siklus estrus dikenal sebagai efek Whitten. Pemaparan yang baru-baru ini dibesarkan mouse ke feromon laki-laki yang aneh tikus dapat mencegah implantasi (atau pseudopregnancy), sebuah fenomena yang dikenal sebagai efek Bruce.

Rata-rata periode kehamilan adalah 20 hari. Sebuah subur estrus postpartum terjadi 14-24 jam setelah kelahiran, dan simultan laktasi dan memperpanjang usia kehamilan usia kehamilan 3-10 hari karena implantasi tertunda. Sampah rata-rata ukuran 10-12 selama produksi optimal, tetapi sangat tergantung ketegangan. Sebagai aturan umum, bawaan tikus cenderung memiliki masa kehamilan lebih lama dan lebih kecil daripada outbred tandu dan hibrida tikus. Muda disebut anak-anak anjing dan berat 0,5-1,5 gram saat lahir, yang gundul, dan menutup kelopak mata dan telinga. Kanibalisme jarang terjadi, tetapi perempuan tidak boleh diganggu selama proses kelahiran dan untuk minimal 2 hari setelah melahirkan. Pups yang disapih pada usia 3 minggu; penyapihan berat 10-12 gram. Jika estrus postpartum tidak dimanfaatkan, resume perempuan bersepeda 2-5 hari postweaning.

Bayi tikus jantan yang baru lahir dibedakan dari betina dengan mencatat jarak yang lebih besar dan lebih besar anogenital genial papila pada pria. Hal ini paling baik dilakukan dengan mengangkat sampah ekor dan membandingkan pasangan perineums.

Pseudopregnancy durasi 1-3 minggu steril dapat mengikuti perkawinan, tetapi jarang diperhatikan.

Penyakit pada gerbil

o Penyakit bakteri
+ Tyzzer’s Disease: Bacillus piliformis
+ Menular murine kolon hiperplasia: Citrobacter rodentium
+ Pseudomoniasis: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
+ Pasteurellosis: Pasteurella pneumotropica
+ Salmonellosis: Salmonella typhimurium dan Salmonella enteritidis
+ Corynebacteriosis: Corynebacterium kutscheri
+ Murine pernafasan mycoplasmois: Mycoplasma pulmonis
+ Erythrozoon coccides
+ Hemobartonella muris
+ Staphylococcus, ulcerative radang kulit
o Penyakit Viral
+ Sendai Virus
+ Epizootic Diare dari Bayi Mice
+ Reovirus 3
+ Mouse Hepatitis Virus
+ Mousepox
+ Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
+ Pneumonia Virus of Mice
+ K Virus
+ Laktat dehidrogenase-mengangkat Virus
+ Mouse sitomegalovirus
+ Mouse Thymic Virus
+ Polyomavirus
+ Menit Virus Mice
+ Mouse adenovirus
+ Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus
+ Encephalomyocarditis Virus
+ Murine Leukemia Virus
+ Ektasia Tumor Virus
o Parasitic Diseases
+ Protozoa Penyakit
# Toksoplasmosis: Toxoplasma gondii
# Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris
# Giardia muris
+ Cacing Infeksi
# Syphacia obvelata
# Aspicularis tetraptera
# Hymenolepis nana
# Hymenolepis diminuta
# Taenia taeniaeformis
+ Ectoparasites
# Polyplax serrata
# Myobia musculi
# Radifordia affinis
# Mycoptes musculinis
# Pserergates simplex
o Penyakit jamur
+ Trichophyton mentagrophytes
o Non-penyakit menular
+ Barbering
# Rambut kumis menggigit atau mengunyah, adalah manifestasi dari dominasi sosial.
# Daerah alopecia (rambut rontok) di sekitar moncong mungkin juga akibat dari abrasi terhadap permukaan kandang.
+ Tail menggigit, lesi kulit
# Tail menggigit dan lesi kulit lainnya yang dihasilkan oleh pertempuran juga manifestasi dari dominasi sosial.
# Walaupun tidak terbatas pada laki-laki, mereka cenderung menjadi lebih agresif.
+ Ektasia tumor
+ Lymphoblastic limfo

Photographs of Pleurotus sp.

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Sudah menjadi tuntutan jaman kalau aplikasi pupuk saat ini sedang bergeser dari pupuk kimia ke pupuk organik. Lebih khusus lagi ke pupuk organik granul (POG). Pemerintah memberikan subsidi sangat besar untuk POG, dan juga POC (Pupuk Organik Cair).

Rasanya hiruk pikuk sekali para oportunis, broker dan produsen pupuk memenuhi kebutuhan ini. Akibatnya banyak POG yang asal buat dan asal jadi granul. Masalah kualitas adalah nomor buncit. Banyak sekali keluhan dari petani dan juga produsen pupuk yang mengeluhkan hal ini. Dalam kontek ini petani menjadi pihak yang paling dirugikan.

Dampak negatif dari POG bodong ini bisa tak terduga. Misalnya saja petani menjadi tidak percaya dan apriori dengan POG. Bisa-bisa program konversi pupuk ini gagal di tengah jalan.

Agar tidak salah memilih POG, sebaiknya petani menguji terlebih dahulu POG yang diterimanya. Cara ujinya juga sederhana, tidak memerlukan peralatan canggih. Bahan-bahannya ada disekitar petani, murah dan mudah.

[to be continued. Maaf nulisnya ketika benggong nunggu bis. Mau ngejar bis dulu. Nanti dilanjut lagi. Insya Allah.]

Kandungan Bahan Organik POG

Ada beberapa tahap untuk menguji POG ini. Tahap pertama adalah menguji seberapa banyak kandungan bahan organik di dalam POG ini. POG biasanya dibuat dengan mengkombinasikan beberapa bahan, dengan bahan utamanya adalah kompos atau pupuk kandang.

Salah satu kriteria POG yang baik adalah cukup kandungan bahan organiknya. Berdasarkan kriteria dari Deptan, kandungan bahan organik minimum dalam POG adalah 12%. Masalahnya banyak POG yang memiliki kandungan bahan organik < 12%. Jadi, pertama kita lihat apakah POG kita memiliki kandungan bahan organik yang cukup. Memang dengan alat sederhana kita tidak bisa mengukur dengan tepat, tetapi setidaknya kita bisa memperkirakannya.

Konduksi Listrik

Uji Kecambah

Uji Tanaman

Phanerochaete chrysosporium

JPP has enzymes that can degrade lignin, ie: laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase. These enzymes are a very strong oxidant. This enzyme can break down lignin. As we know that lignin is a very complex macromolecules and very strong protector. Lignin are a protective compound, which is very strong and very resistant.

This unique ability of WRF could be use for many proposes. For examples, WRF used to degrade organic matter that high lignin content, lignocellulose biomass. Recently, WRF are developed for biopulping, biobleaching, and degrade pollutants.

This WRF grow without added nutrition and media sterilization.

Some WRF easy to grow. With slight methods modification, WRF could grow on lignocellulose biomass without media sterilization and added nutrition. After WRF growth, they will be still live and rarely contaminated. If dried, they will be dormant. If their environment become suitable for his live, they will start to grow again. WRF also resistant with physically disturbance, such as: chopping, grinding, and drying. If they still in suitable environment, they will be still live. WRF do not a contaminant, its mean that WRF rarely or never contaminate to other culture.

It’s amazing, subhanallah.

Biopulping of OPEFB ready to pulp making

Tingginya permintaan pupuk organik granul (POG) mendorong permintaan bahan baku POG ini. Bahan baku utama POG adalah kompos, baik kompos dari sisa tanaman atau kotoran hewan (pupuk kandang). Permintaan kompos, terutama kohe sangatlah tinggi.

Andaikan saja, menurut bocoran (jangan dipercaya ya..), kebutuhan POG tahun depan mencapai ratusan ton. Taruhlah 500 ton saja. Proporsi pupuk kandang dalam POG kurang lebih 60%, jadi kebutuhan kohe mencapai 300 ton. Ini kohe kering (kadar airnya di bawah 10%), halus, dan sudah matang. Perkiraan jumlah kohe mentah yang diperlukan bisa mencapai 1000 ton. Permintaan yang luar biasa besar.

Karena permintaan besar, banyak orang-orang oportunis yang memanfaatkan kesempatan dalam kesempitan. Banyak broker-broker kohe yang nakal dan mencoba menipu para produsen POG. Untuk menambah volume/bobot kohe, para broker mencampur kohe dengan tanah (perkiraan saya seperti ini). Kohe yang sudah dicampur tanah sulit dibedakan secara visual dengan kohe asli. Namun secara kimia, kohe ini jelas-jelas tidak masuk ’spek’ (baku mutu).

Salah satu persyaratan POG adalah kandungan bahan organik (C organik) minimal 12%. POG yang dibuat dengan berbahan baku kohe aspal (asli tapi paslu), kandungan bahan organiknya tidak memenuhi spek. Tidak jarang kandungan bahan organiknya tidak mencapai 10%. Ini disebabkan karena kandungan bahan organik di dalam kohe sangat rendah, kurang dari 20%. Bahkan pernah saya menguji kohe yang kandungan bahan organiknya hanya 8%. Kohe yang asli kandungan bahan organiknya > 20%, bahkan bisa mencapai 30%.

Beberpa pengusaha UKM yang terkena tipu para broker ini dan merugi ketika mulai membuat POG. Terutama POG-POG yang bersubsidi.

Sebenarnya ada cara yang mudah dan sederhana untuk melihat apakah kohe yang dikirimkan tersebut memenuhi spek atau tidak. Cara praktis ini hanya perkiraan saja. Untuk lebih tepatnya memang perlu dikirim ke laboratorium untuk diuji kandungan bahan organiknya. Meskipun demikian, cara ini bisa dijadikan langkah awal untuk menguji keaslian kohe.

Berikut ini cara sederhana untuk menguji keasliah kohe.
1.Kohe yang asli umumnya berwarna coklat kehitam-hitaman. Jika ditambah tanah umumnya warnanya lebih cerah.
2.Jika kohe dikirim dalam bentuk sudah kering dan halus, umumnya kohe ini terasa ringan ketika diangkat. Ini karena berat jenis (BJ) kohe relatif rendah. Jika kohe terasa berat, meskipun kondisinya kering, mamak kohe ini perlu dicurigai kalau tidak asli.
3.Siapkan air di dalam gelas. Masukkan satu sendok kohe dan diaduk merata.
4.Kohe yang baik seharusnya sebagian kohe yang mengambang di atas permukaan air. Kira-kira seperlima dari berat kohe tersebut.
5.Jika kohe yang mengapung sangat sedikit/sedikit sekali, dan lebih banyak kohe yang tenggelam, maka kohe ini perlu dicurigai kalau aspal.

Cara-cara di atas adalah pengujian secara visual dan kasar. Kalau Anda belum puas, contoh kohe bisa dianalisakan ke lab tanah terdekat. Cara-cara tersebut di atas juga bisa untuk menguji keaslian kompos dari sisa-sisa tanaman/sampah.
(Foto-foto menyusul ya…..isr)

Indonesia today is a biggest producer of CPO (crude palm oil) in the world and has the largest palm oil plantation in the world. Palm area in Indonesia in 2007, according Dirjenbun, Department of Agriculture, estimated to reach 6.6 million ha and the production of CPO in the year reached 17.3 million tons. The area and production is expected to continue to rise given the current intensively conducted slowly opening new oil, especially in the island of Kalimantan and Papua.

Oil palm plantation and CPO production of Indonesia (Data from Dirjenbun).

Palm oil trees produce palm fruit collected in bunches, therefore, often called as Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB). Adult oil palm tree is already in optimal production can produce FFB weight between 15-30 kg / bunche.

FFBs are then transported to the factory for further processed to produce palm oil. The main product of oil mill is crude palm oil palm (CPO) and palm kernel oil. CPO is extracted from the fiber, which is part bettween shell and skin. Meanwhile, the pulp will produce palm kernel oil. Palm varieties with thick rind are preferred by farmer, because this varieties of palm fruit which has a high oil yield.

Mass balance of processing palm oil at the mill are described by the picture below. From each ton of processed FFB can produce 140 to 200 kg of CPO. In addition to the processing of CPO also generate waste / product side, such as: waste water(POME=Palm Oil Mill Effluent), palm shell, fiber, and palm oil empty fruit bunches.

Liquid waste produced very much, and it ranged between 600 to 700 kg.

Also produced fiber and shells that reach 190 kg.

Fiber of palm oil

Palm oil shells piled in the palm oil palm mill.

Fiber and shells usually used as fuel of boiler. Steam produced from boiler used to generate electricity and boiling FFB before further process in the mill.

Abundantly another waste beside paml oil effluent are oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) that can reach 230 kg every ton of processed FFB. Its is very high in volume and mounting in palm oil mill. Previously OPEFB discarded without chopped first. Consider the image below showing the mountain of OPFEB in oil palm mill.

But now some oil palm mill have started to chopping OPEFB. Chopping machine used have large capacity and some in one palm oil mill.

OPEFB Chopping machine

Chopping process can reduce volume of OPEFB and easier to further process.

According to data from Dirjenbun, potential of those OPEFB are very big as showed in picture bellow.

Predicted data of OPEFB in Indonesia since 2000-2009 calculated from CPO production data.

Some time ago I visited one of the oil palm plantation in Palembang. Area of palm oil palm plantations is not too large, approximately 8000 ha (core plantation) and 40,000 ha (plasma). Fresh fruit bunches (FFB) harvested from the plantation is then processed in the palm oil mill near at one end of the garden. Factory processing capacity currently approximately 50 tons of FFB / hour. From the processing of FFB produced CPO (crude palm oil), waste OPEFB (oil palm empty bunches), and liquid waste. OPEFB waste volume large enough, in one day can reach 150 tons.

OPEFB waste become one of big problems for the oil mill. Previously they burned directly OPEFB with Incinerator. Waste burned directly and the rest of the burning ashes could be used for fertilizer, because the K-high content of the ash. Now, the government banned the burning. Factory management had to find out a solution to this waste problem. There are several alternative solution, for example: open dumping, mulch, and compost. One suitable alternative is for mulch to the plant oil. However, this technique raises another danger for palm oil plantations. Because OPEFB could be a place for nesting horned beetle pests and rat pests that are harmful for the palm oil.

Processing methods more promising is the making of compost. With conventional techniques, composting takes place in a long time, which is approximately 3-6 months. Can imagine how much area of land and labor used to accommodate all waste OPEFB for 6 months. The technique is not economical and inefficient. We came to the factory with the task to solve this problem, namely how to create/process OPEFB into compost by more economical and more efficient method in a relatively short time.

At the time of the survey in the field, I walk along the pile OPEFB. I observed from the pile and I saw many mushrooms grow in the pile of OPEFB. Some mushrooms are edible. Size, color, and shape vary. This fungus seems to appear gradually. Seen a succession of growth of this mushrooms/fungus. Fungus, which first appeared is a microscopic fungus that bright orange mushrooms also often called oncom fungus, Monilia sp. These fungi grow rapidly and cover most of OPEFB. Over time, the fungus that grows began to change. Many macro mushrooms that grow later. Description of these mushrooms I describe below.

***

Oncom Fungus

This fungus grows as soon as OPEFB out from the oil palm mill. Bright orange mushrooms such as color of oncom (sundanesse foods) that are often also called oncom mushrooms. This fungus is a group of microscopic fungi. Its scientific name is Monilia sp. This fungus seems to eat the remains of the oil that is in OPEFB. The fungus will continue to grow until the remaining oil to dominate the thinning / out.

Dick Mushroom (Kontol Mushroom)

Mushrooms ‘dick’ is actually similar to the ‘merang’ mushroom.

‘Dick mushroom, common name of this mashroom. People often call this mushroom as ‘konthol’ mushroom (kontol = penis in javanesse language), because the shape similar to the genitals of men. Its is delicious edible mushroom, so much sought after by employees or the surrounding community. I think this mushroom is one genus with common mushroom, ‘Merang’ mushroom (Volvariela volvaceae). Its shape is very similar to merang mushroom, brown-gray. The color of young mushroom are gray/light brown and shaped round like an egg, but this bubble size larger than usual mushroom. When it began to grow up, cracks will appear at the end of the spheres. After that came out the body of the fruiting body. The size of the fruit body can be very large. Mushrooms I’ve ever planted, up to 30 cm in diameter. The size of circles at the time a child can reach the hands of a handful.

This delicious mushroom stir-fry made, cooked with noodles, or make soup. It was chewy, chewy and tasty like chicken. This fungus most delicious when still buds (rounded). If cooked when its grow up to big mushroom, its is little less comfortable. Here are how to cook it, clean up mushroom with water. Peel and remove the hood of a black fungus, washed once again. Cut the desired size. Here….it ready for cooking.

Dick fungus grown with media OPEFB, can grow up to a maximum. Hood diameter reached 25 – 30 cm. Mushrooms are harvested when bubble size about a handful of adults.

PNG 3 Mushroom

This fungus forms very similar to dick mushrooms. More white color of the dick mushrooms. When I was little too similar, rounded shape. This fungus is also delicious to eat. The difference with dick mushrooms is going to bloom at the time of fruit body, on the hood as there are remnants of the cover mold. Its size was similar to the dick mushrooms. But the maximum size of the fungus could not like dick mushrooms.

Ear Mushroom

Ear mushroom is often sold in the traditional markets. Its color are dark brown, rubbery, and undulating like the ears of people, because it is called ear fungus. I found this mushroom in exile OPEFB, not OPEFB pile. In this place also found a lot discarded slender ash.

In general, this fungus is similar to the other common ear mushroom. But these mushrooms are thicker and bright in color, light brown. Pulp are soft and thick. I believe this fungus in the delicious. But these mushrooms growing rare, so rare people who know about this mushrooms.

Oyster mushrooms

Shape of this mushroom similar to the white oyster mushroom (Plourotus ostreatus). But these mushrooms are small at all. Height no more than 3 cm. Its is clean and white, there are sheets underneath of fruit body. These fungi usually grow in groups and rarely. This fungus seems to grow on the pile of old OPEFB or has become decayed.

Mushroom that are similar to this mushroom is also found in wood that is decaying. Mushrooms are also small.

PNG 4 Mushroom

Just call its mushroom as PNG 4 mushroom. Its shape similar with dick mushroom. Many people mistakenly take this fungus. Once in a time there were people looking for mushrooms. He did not know which mushrooms were usually eaten. Then he took this fungus. When cooked and eaten, he felt dizziness and nausea, poisoning. Eventually the person was in care at the hospital.

Unfamiliar peoples are difficult to distinguish between dick mushroom and PNG 4 mushroom when its is young mushrooms, because its similar in shape, little orbicular, and gray color. Difference lies in the upper surface of this fungus. On the surface of this fungus are slimy and sticky when held. Dick mushrooms did not like this. Besides, Its mushroom are smaller in shape and could not as big as dick mushroom. This fungus does not have ‘vulva’ like dick mushrooms. If the fruit body is formed would look like a ring at the base stalk. This is one sign of poisonous mushrooms. Be careful not to eat the wrong mushroom, it is very dangerous.

PNG 5 Mushroom

As usual, for convenience we call this mushroom PNG 5 mushroom. These mushrooms are small, approximately 5-10 cm tall, grow together, the fruit body brown-gray and slightly rough surface. On its stem there is a ring shape, so it is also poisonous mushrooms. Do not ever try to eat this fungus, unless you’re tired of seeing the sun.

The fungus grew abundantly on the surface of the pile OPEFB. There are so many, especially after rain. This fungus began to appear on the pile of old OPEFB more than a month.

PNG 6 Mushroom

PNG 6 Mushroom, just call it so. Like PNG 5 mushrooms, just the color purple hood. Hood diameter is wider than the PNG 5. The fungus also grows OPEFB huddled in a pile and the pile is found abundantly in OPEFB. These fungi are also toxic, because of its ring in its stem. Striking color also is a sign that this poisonous mushrooms.

PNG 7 Mushroom

This fungus most beautiful mushroom when compared with other mushrooms. Its color is bright orange, very interesting. The size of the fruit bodies are small and no more than 5cm. Grow in clusters and found abundantly in OPEFB pile. Judging from the bright colors, clear this fungus have suspected of being poisonous mushrooms. If you do not believe please prove himself. Try to take this mushroom, cooked, then eaten. If in a few hours, you are still in good, it probably means that the fungus is not toxic.

PNG 8 Mushroom

This fungus one small mushrooms that I found. Similar shape with molds others. Cream color, a little gray. The growth and size are also clustered approximately 5 cm. This fungus is also found abundantly in the pile of OPEFB.

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Another pictures of mushrooms:

***

Those were the fungus that I found in piles of OPEFB. There are edible mushrooms, there are also fungi that can not be eaten. I do not know what the benefits of this fungus than could be eaten. However, the results of this survey indicate that OPEFB has the potential to grow mushrooms. Some fungi may play an active role in the decomposition of OPEFB. Maybe there are also fungi that produce enzymes that are useful or have a high economic value. This article describes only the visible fungus. I am sure there are other fungus – or even other microbes which are invisible (microscopic). Who knows of this fungus is a very potential.

This article about managing organic waste is a different with articel which I have previously written (Managing Organic Waste in Bunderan Traditional Market, Sragen-Indonesia). This method of managing organic waste is more simple and better than the previous method.

Organic waste from traditional markets, have slightly different characteristics with waste from housing. The composition of the waste from traditional markets are more dominated by organic waste. Plastic trash fewer than plastic waste from the housing. Moreover, if the waste came from the vegetable market or a fruit market, the organic waste will be more. I think this article is more suitable for the waste from traditional markets, more specifically the waste from vegetable and fruit market. This article based on real experience. Processed organic waste into compost and organic fertilizer granules.

Composting Organic Waste from Traditional Market

Processing organic waste from traditional market into compost and organic fertilizer is one of the alternative waste treatment that easier, cheaper, and faster. Composting method used is windrow system. Compost made in the windrow and covered with plastic.

Compostint Area

Ideally in each market should be provided land or area for waste processing. Required area adapted to the production of waste in this market. Small traditional markets are require approximately 1000 – 5000 m2. Place of composting can be placed on the back side somewhat hidden and far from the settlement residents.

Advantages of processing organic waste in or near the market :
1.reduce the volume of waste taken to landfill
2.save transportation costs
3.reduce odor and waste pollution
4.open job opportunities in the market
5.increase the added value waste into organic fertilizer.

Equipment and Materials Needed

This method is very simple, so do not require much equipment. Equipment required are:
1.plastic mulch to cover the compost pile
2.spade fork to sort out the waste
3.wastebasket
4.bucket
5.sack
6. plastic rope
7. wheelie bin
8. shovel
9. and other helper equipment.

To speed up the process of composting is used composting activators.

Composting Steps

Stages of composting are as follows:
1.transporting waste to composting sites
2.garbage sorting
3.making compost pile
4.adding compost activators
5.incubation
6.drying

Waste form market transported to the composting site. Set the placement of garbage into the ple that are ready for composting.

Organic waste form market dominated with organic waste, makes it easy for sorting.

The workers are separating and arranging waste into compost pile.

Separating waste was the most complicated in this process. Suppose the traders want and provided a place for waste sorting, this sorting process will be much easier and faster. The trash is separated from the other trash that can not be composted or difficult to composted. For example: plastic, metal, and others. Lumber or wood is also separated, because it need more time for composting. This lumber can be used as firewood.

Plastics can usually be sold for recycling. Price waste recycling is pretty good. For unseparated plastic waste can be sold for Rp.100 – 200/kg.

Waste that can not be sold or recycled will be incinerated.

Arrangement waste in pile/windrow.

Waste in the stacking layer by layer. In each layer of compost activators added. Rubbish markets generally have a high water content, so do not add water. Dilution activators using dry soil or sand. Activators be sprinkled evenly over the layer of garbage. Higher layer approximately 15 cm. High pile approximately 1 to 1.5 m. After a 1.5 m high pile, the pile covered with plastic mulch. Give assembly on mulch to keep flying in the wind.

Piles of rubbish were observed each week to see the composting processes. If there are problems in the composting process immediately solved. For example: the compost is too wet or too dry.

Composting process took place within 1 to 2 months. 1.5 months is usually sufficient. If the compost has matured, the compost immediately dried in the sun to dry. In hot conditions, drying took place within 2 – 5 days, depending on the level of wet compost. At the time of drying are separated back plastic trash that is still carried in the composting process.

Making Organic Fertilizer from organic waste compost

Dried compost can be sold in bulk or processed into organic fertilizer granules. Bulk composting is easier, but the price is too cheap. Selling compost as organic fertilizer granules have higher price but require additional processing.

The tools needed to make organic fertilizer granules from the compost include:
1. Chopper (if required)
2. sieve
3. Pan granulator
4. Scales
5. Sack sewing machine
6. Dryer (if required)

Add-on materials for the manufacture of organic fertilizers, such as:
1. Agricultural lime,
2. dolomit
3. rock phosphate
4. manure
5. adhesive (molases or other adhesive)

Size reduction of compost

Compost further dried minced with a hammer mill machine. If you will compost be sold in bulk, the census is only done once and sifted coarse. Compost that will be used for organic fertilizer should be chopped up fine and sifted.

Sifting

After further crushed compost compost sifted until smooth enough to make granules.

Mixing with other materials

Further refined compost mixed with other materials (dolomite, lime, etc.). The materials should mixed well.

Granulation

After all ingredients are mixed well, the next step is to make granules.

Drying and Packaging

Next, wet granules are dried. Drying can be carried out in the sun or by using a rotary dryer. Organic fertilizer ready for the market.

Analysis result of compost from market organic waste

C content : 8,87%
Organic matter content : 15,29 %
Total N : 0,54 %
Total P: 0,80%
Total K: 1,25%

Many people are often wrong in perception when using chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers is often equated with chemical fertilizers. Every kind of those fertilizers is very different.

Chemical Fertilizer

As the name suggests, chemical fertilizers are fertilizers made of chemically or also commonly referred to as artificial fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers can be divided into single chemical fertilizers and chemical fertilizer compound. Single chemical fertilizers have only one kind of nutrient, while the compound chemical fertilizers contain a complete nutrient. Chemical fertilizers are often used include urea and ZA for the N nutrient; fertilizers TSP, DSP, and SP-26 for the P nutrient, KCl or MOP for the K nutrient. While compound fertilizers are usually made by mixing a single fertilizers. Nutrient composition varies, depending on the manufacturer and commodities.

Organic Fertilizer

Kompos, pupuk organik yang murah dan mudah dibuat. Baca: Make compost straw

Organic fertilizers, such as the name suggests, is a fertilizer made from organic materials or natural. Fertilizers including organic fertilizers include manure, compost, kascing, peat, seaweed and guano. Based on the form of organic fertilizers can be classified into solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer. Some people also classify the fertilizers such as dolomite mined, natural phosphate, kiserit, and also ash (rich in K) to the group of natural fertilizer / organic. Some organic fertilizers are processed at the plant for example is a blood meal, bone meal and fish meal. Liquid organic fertilizers include compost tea, plant extracts, fermentation liquid sewage farms, fermentation plants, and others.

Organic fertilizers contain a complete nutrient. Even in the organic fertilizer is also organic compounds that are beneficial to other plants, such as humic acid, acid fulvat, and others. However, the nutrient content are quite low. Based on my experience, there is no organic fertilizer that has a high nutrient content, or nearly equals with the chemical fertilizers.

People often calculated the needs of organic fertilizer based only on their nutrient content. Nutrient content of organic fertilizer synchronized with the nutrient content of chemical fertilizers used. As a result of organic fertilizer needs so many times compared with the dose of chemical fertilizers. For example compost with the following content: 2.79% N, 0.52% P2O5, 2:29% K2O. So in 1000 kg (1 ton) of compost will be equivalent to 62 kg of urea, 14:44 kg SP 36, and 38.17 kg of MOP. It is calculated as follows:

N =
(% N Compost x 1000 kg) /% N Urea = (2.79% x 1000 kg) / 45% = 62 kg
P =
(% P2O5 compost x 1000 kg) /% P2O5 SP-36 = (0.52% x 1000 kg) / 36% = 14:44 kg
K =
(% K2O compost x 1000 kg) /% K2O MPO = (2:29% x 1000 kg) / 60% = 38.17 kg

For example, rice is usually given a dose of chemical fertilizer with 200 kg urea, 100 kg SP-36, and 150kg MOP / KCl. In order to match the nutritional content of the compost as much as needed approximately 7 tons. This large dose will direct implications for the cost of fertilization. If the calculated cost of fertilizing with organic fertilizer / compost much greater than the cost of fertilization with chemical fertilizers. This does not include costs for the compost application.

Reality on the ground proves that organic fertilizer / compost can not be calculated based on nutrient content only. If you do not believe you can do a simple experiment to compare these two fertilizers. Take the soil, you should use marginal soil. Enter into the two polybag and its contents are the same size. One polybag given dose of compost with 0.5 – 1 kg. Polybag others are given a few spoonfuls of fertilizer chemicals, approximately equal in nutrient content with compost. Then planting any crops, can chili beans, tomatoes, cay sim, cucumber, or other plants. Put in the same place. Give the same treatment watering, weeding, and other similar treatment. Wait a while until the plants grow and produce. Just compare, where the plants a better result?

I am almost 90% sure that if given a compost plant will grow better than plants given chemical fertilizer, although comparable nutrient content. The next question is WHY??

People often forget that in addition to nutrient content, organic fertilizers also contain otherorganic compounds. Although low in nutrient content but the content of organic compounds in the compost has a more important role than the role of nutrient alone. For example, humic acid and acid fulvat. Both these acids have a role as a hormone like that can stimulate plant growth. Compost is known to increase the value of CEC (cation exchange capacity) of land. This means that the plant will more easily absorb nutrients. Be composted soil also becomes more friable and soil aeration for the better. Land is given more compost and water saving is not easy to dry. If further observed, the activity of soil microbes in compost would be higher than the land not be composted. These microbes have a role in nutrient absorption by plants. It can be conclused, compost can improve the chemical properties, physical properties, and biological soil properties.
Then how to calculate the needs of organic fertilizer / compost?

Until now I have not found the formula, both from my own experience or from the literature of others, to calculate the needs of organic fertilizer / compost it. Content of organic fertilizer is very diverse. Characteristics also vary. Equally manure, manure at P Java could be very different from the manure P Sulawesi. Not to mention the relationship with soil type, climate, environmental conditions, how crops cultivation and different. Generally organic manure / compost is empirically determined. This is the result of research and testing. May also experience the farmers field for many years.

Examples of organic fertilizer granules form in the market.

Under certain conditions, organic fertilizer / compost can be provided without adding chemical fertilizers at all. This method is practiced in organic cultivation. More often done is to combine the organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer. Some substituted plant nutrient needs of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. How to calculate the most economical combination of both viewed from the cost and outcome. The rule is often used is 50% dose of chemical fertilizers replaced with a number of organic fertilizer. Dose can 1 to 2 kg or even up to 30 kg / principal..

To get the most appropriate dose in trials conducted in the greenhouse and in the field in a fairly large scale.
.

Biofertilizer

Example import biofertilizer in liquid form.

Cool name of bio-fertilizers is biofertilizer. There are also called bio fertilizer. Whatever the name of biological fertilizers can be interpreted as a living fertilizer. Actually the name of fertilizer is less suitable, because bio-fertilizers do not contain nutrients. Bio-fertilizers do not contain N, P, and K. Content of bio-fertilizers is mikrooganisme have a positive role for the plant. Group of microbes that are often used are microbes that attach N from the air, microbes that dissolve nutrients (especially P and K), microbes that stimulate plant growth.
N fixing microbial groups has been known and used since long. Microbes have a fix N symbiotic with plants and some are free (not symbiotic). Examples of microbes with plants symbiosis include Rhizobium sp As examples of microorganisms that are not anchor N is Azosprillium sp bersimbiosis and Azotobacter sp.

Rhizobium colonies growing in agar medium.

Rhizobium viewed under a microscope with a magnification 30.000x

Form of an infected root nodule Rhizobium.

Active nodule will be split if the blood-red (left), whereas the inactive nodule pale (right)

Solvent microbial P was reported by a Russian named Pikovskaya in 1948 is Bacillus Megatherium var. phosphaticum, and began to be used as an inoculum of agriculture since the 1950s Some microbes are known to dissolve P from the sources found difficult to dissolve either from the mold / fungi such as Penicillium sp and Aspergillus sp, or of groups of bacteria such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp sp.

Phosphates solubilizing Bacteria

Phosphates solubilizing fungi

Other microbes that are often used are Mycorhiza, which consists of two main groups namely: endomycorhiza and ektomycorhiza. Arbuscular assiciated with plants. Simply way, endomycorhiza means that there is in and ektomycorhiza outside. Endomikoriza or VAM fungi generally is low level while the fungus ektomikoriza is a high level. Mycorhiza have done a pretty complex. Its was not only part to help the absorption of nutrients P, but also protects plants from disease and provide other nutrients for plants.

Mycorhiza

Microbes are also often used as a microbial biofertilizer plant growth stimulants. Microbes from the group of bacteria is often referred to as Plant Growt Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), but now also known that there are also fungi that can stimulate plant growth. Bacteria are known to stimulate plant growth include Pseudomonas sp, sp Azosprillium, while the well-known fungi are Trichoderma sp.

Pseudomonas sp, one of PGPR bacteria that produce hormones.
Microbes active ingredients of biological fertilizers packaged in carrier materials, can be in liquid or solid. There are also bio-fertilizers which only consists of one or a few microbes, but there is also a claim consists of a variety of microbes. This bio-fertilizers which was then applied to the plants.
Currently circulating in the market many bio-fertilizers. Some claim to have a lot of microbial content and complete with extraordinary abilities. Personally I do not believe in having a lot of biofertilizer microorganisms and effective in all places, all commodities, and all conditions.
One disadvantage of microorganisms is highly dependent with a lot of things. Microbes are influenced by environmental conditions, both biotic and abiotic environment. So a suitable biofertilizer in sub-tropical regions is not necessarily effective in the tropics. Similarly effective biofertilizer in the western part of Indonesia, may not be effective also in the eastern part of Indonesia. Microbial associated with more specific plants. Eg Rhizobium sp associated with certain varieties of soybeans may not be suitable for crop beans other. Symbiotic microbes generally narrow spectrum.

Recent Trend

Bio-fertilizers, organic manure and chemical fertilizers are fertilizers which firm difference. But this time there is a tendency to combine the types of fertilizer. For example there is the fertilizer product calling itself organic NPK fertilizer. These fertilizers are chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizer. There is also a call for bioorganic fertilizer. The point is the combination of organic fertilizer with bio-fertilizers (bio). But there is still little or no fertilizer NPK combined with bio-fertilizers. Because most microbes can not stand when combined with chemical fertilizer in high concentrations.
So a lot of fertilizer products in the market. It’s up to you to choose which one. I suggest you choose a bio-fertilizers or organic fertilizers if possible. Since both fertilizer is far more environmentally friendly.

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